Variables
There are really two principles of using variables:
- Use variables to remember things.
 - Use variables to control the action.
 
You will learn these principles through the experience of figuring out how to do little mini-projects in Scratch.
- 
Walk and Spin. A nice project.
 - 
Tracking Points and Touch. A simple mini-project to teach you how to use variables. Summary: Get points when your character touches the other sprites. Touching one sprite is special - makes you turn blue. Double points while you are blue.
 
Reference
Learning Scratch FAQ and Reference. How to use variables, test multiple conditions at once, choose randomly among alternatives, make a timer, make a sentence, and a misconception about the green “or” explained. (Slightly dated, images are from an older version of Scratch.)